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At high data-rates, electrical connections suffer from from frequency dependent propagation delay, skew, cross-talk and ground-loop distortion because of the unavoidable physical barriers of the line impedance and capacitance. The figure of merit for a communication channel, the bit-rate distance product, is limited in the case of PCB tracks to around 0.5 GHz.m .

The solutions to overcome this limitation are becoming increasingly heroic. Gigabit Ethernet, for example, requires multilevel coding on 4 wire pairs, sophisticated digital adaptive filtering techniques and echoelimination. Pushing up the bitrate of electrical interconnects by advanced techniques such as adaptive equalisation and pre-emphasis is a viable route if the connection density is low as in the case of LANs. However, these techniques becomes increasingly difficult when real estate is sparse such as for the traces and connectors on a PCB.

While new techniques, such as the MicrocoaxTM system by Viasystems, are set to extend electrical bitrate products, few people see practical electrical systems as being capable of delivering the soon to be required 10 GHz.m.



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