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    At high data-rates, electrical connections suffer from 
    from frequency dependent propagation delay, skew, cross-talk and ground-loop 
    distortion because of the unavoidable physical barriers of the line 
    impedance and capacitance. The figure of merit for a communication channel, 
    the bit-rate distance product, is limited in the case of PCB tracks to 
    around 0.5 GHz.m . The 
    solutions to overcome this limitation are becoming increasingly heroic. 
    Gigabit Ethernet, for example, requires multilevel coding on 4 wire pairs, 
    sophisticated digital adaptive filtering techniques and echoelimination. 
    Pushing up the bitrate of electrical interconnects by advanced techniques 
    such as adaptive equalisation and pre-emphasis is a viable route if the 
    connection density is low as in the case of LANs. However, these techniques 
    becomes increasingly difficult when real estate is sparse such as for the 
    traces and connectors on a PCB. 
    While new techniques, such as the 
    MicrocoaxTM system by Viasystems, are set to extend electrical bitrate 
    products, few people see practical electrical systems as being capable of 
    delivering the soon to be required 10 GHz.m. 
                   
                  
                                                        
                   
                      
                  
                                    
                                    
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